IS THIS INDIAN GOVT’S NEW NOTE ??

 

IS THIS REAL !!!

ONLY LOVE SMS FOR YOUR ONLY ONE!!!

•  LOVE SMS
• Yaadon mein meri tum aaya na karo
  Yun baar baar bevaqt hamein sataaya na karo
  Pyar karte ho tum bhi humse maloom hai yeh
  Yun sabke saamne beithke sharmaaya na karo

  Karenge tumse wafa hum har ghadi
  Kabhi shikaayat ka mauka na denge tumhein
  Haste haste guzaarenge zindagi ka har lamha
  Kabhi roothne ka mauka na denge tumhein

  Jagaaya unhone aisa ke aaj tak so na sakke
  Rulaaya unhone aisa ke sabke saamne ro bhi na sakke
  Jaane kya baat thi unn mein….
  Jabse maana unhe apna tabse kisi ke ho na sakke

  Neendh aankhon se udh gayi hai
  Cheyn dil ka kahin kho gaya hai
  Haalat dil ki na poocho humse aap….
  Kahin mujhe pyar toh nahin hogaya hai

  You can fall from a mountain,
  You can fall from a tree,
  But the best way to fall,
  Is to fall in love with me

  Bikhri si inn zulfo ko tu apni ungliyo se aake savaar le
  Mere khwaab mein aa ke mere saath yeh tanha raat guzaar le
  Hota nahin ab inn meethi yaadon se mera guzaara
  Marr na jaau kahin iss se pehle mujhe dil se pukaar le

  Teri sabhi baatein baar baar yaad karna acha lagta hai..
  Tumhein khud mein mehsoos karna acha lagta hai..
  Dua hai bas yahi ke Khuda aapko humse juda na kare..
  Kyunke tera saanso ke nazdeek rehna acha lagta hai

  Mohabat ke bina zindagi fizool hai
  Par mahobat ke bhi aapne ussol hai
  Kehte hai milti hai mohabbat mein bahut ulfaate
  Par aap ho mehboob toh saab kubul hai…

  “KitnA Pyaar Karte hain tumse
  Kaash TumkO bhi yeH ehsaaS ho JayE
  Magar AisA na Ho Ke
  Woh hosH mein tab Aaaye
  Jab HuM gehri neenD mein so JaayE”

  hichikiyon se ek bat ka ehsas hota hein
  ki shayad koi humhein bhi yad kartaa hein
  beshak milne naa aaye par
  char lamhein humpar barbad to karta hein”

  Har baar dil se yeh paigaam aaye,
  Jubaan kholu to tera he naam aaye,
  Tum he kyon bhaye dil ko kya malum,
  Jab nazroo ke saamne haseen tamaam aaye.

  Aap ke chahne wale bohot honge,
  lekin hum bhi kuch kum nahi,
  Aap ke naam ke siway hume koi naam yaad nahi,
  Aap ko yaad karne ke siway hume kuch kaam nahi,
  Dil karta hai sirf ek baar pardes aanke tumhe dekh lu,
  Phir maut bhi aae to koi gum nahi….

  Missing u a lot my love……

  Duniya mein aisa phool nahin jis mein khushboo na ho
  Aisa sitaara nahin jis mein roshni na ho
  Hamari zindagi mein aisa ek pal nahin
  Jis mein “A” aap ki yaad na ho

  Tumhain Dil Main Basaye Rakhta Hoon,
  Aur Duniya Ko Bhulaye Rakhta Hoon
  Tumhe Meri Nazar Na Lag Jaye
  Apni Nazar Jhukaye Rakhta Hoon..!!!!

  Yun durr rehkar duriyon ko badhaya nahi karte,
  Apne deewano ko sataya nahi karte,
  Har waqt bas jise tumhara khayal ho,
  Usey apni awaaz ke liye tadpaya nahi karte. !!!

  Tum Kya Jano Kya Hai Tanhai,
  Is Tute Hue Patte Se Pucho Kya Hai Judai,
  Yu Bewafa Ka Ilzam Na De Zalim,
  Is Waqt Se Puch Kis Waqt Teri Yaad Na Aayi…

  Zindagi Sirf Muhabbbat Nahi, Kuch Aur Bhi Hai,
  Zulf-O-Rukhsaar Ki Jannat Nahi, Kuch Aur Bhi Hai.
  Bhook Aur Pyaas Ki Maari Hui Is Duniya Mein,
  Ishq Hi Ek Haqeeqat Nahi, Kuch Aur Bhi Hai.

  Sitare to bohot hai, magar Chand jaisa koi nahi,
  Phool to bohot hai, magar Gulab jaisa koi nahi,
  Shayar to bohot hai ees duniya main,
  magar Aap jaisa koi nahi,
  Aur dost to bohot hai hamare,
  magar Aap jaisa Heera(diamond) koi nahi…

  Poocho na us kaagaz se,
  jis per hum dil ke bayaan likhte hain,
  Tanhaayion mein beeti baatein tamaam likhte hain,
  woh kalam bhi dewani ho gayi,

  jis se hum tumhaara naam likhte hain..
  Jis Ki Qurbat Mein Karar Bohat Hai,
  Usss Ka Milna Dushwar Bohat Hai,
  Jo Meray Haathon Ki Lakiron Mein Nahin,

  Usss Shaks Se Humain Piyar Bohat Hai..

  Kya kahen kuch kaha nahi jaata.
  Dard mitha hae par saha nahi jata.
  Rishta ban gaya is qadar aap se
  Bin yaad kiye aapko ab raha nahi jata

• Can I say I love you today? If not, can I ask you again tomorrow? And the day after tomorrow? And the day after that? Coz I’ll be loving you every single day of my life.

  When all seems lost and lonely for you And you dont really know what to do Look inside your heart and see There in a special place, I will be Most wonderful pairs in the world are:- HEART & BEAT NIGHT & MOON BIRDS & SONGS ROSES & LOVE U & UR $MILE. SO KEEP $MILING ALWAYS. Being near is not the meaning of being dear, I may be far from u but msgs are bridges 2 make u feel that I always REMEMBER YOU! It is not being in love that makes me happy… but is being in love with YOU that makes me happy. A sMiLe tO pUt You On HiGh… A KisS To Set YoUr SouL ALriGhT… WouLd iT bE aLriGhT iF I spEnT ToNiTe BeiNg LovED bY YoU??? Fate has brought us together, to meet, to know and to part is the saddest thing in life… I £ove You… Curved high on a mountain covered in dew… I saw these 3 words… I LOVE YOU! Is that love i see in your eyes, or merely a reflection of mine? I hide my tears when I say your name, but the pain in my heart is stil the same. Though I smile and seem carefree, there’s no one who misses you more than me!!

• VALENTINE’S SMS

• Kissing you baby is my dream.Im the strawberry & ur the cream.Handle me gently keep me real keen.U & I together babes is passion so extreme!
• Smokers have smoking heart, Drinkers have an alcoholoic heart. I request you Plz don’t eat sugar coz u aready have a Sweet Heart
• The moment I first saw you, you warmed my heart, the second time you made little flames and now you make my heart burn like hell!
• When the night comes, look at the sky. If u see a falling star, don’t wonder why, just make a wish. Trust me it will come true, coz I did it & I found U
• Baby I have an addiction problem. People say I shud go to rehab but I always tell them that I don’t wanna go cause I’m addicted to U !
• May ur heart b happy & ur days b bright. May ur roads b smooth & ur burdens light. May u find dreams & touch a star & never forget how special U R
• I asked God 4 a rose & he gave me a garden. I ask God 4 a drop of water & he gave me an ocean. I asked God 4 an angel & he gave me u!
• One day youll ask me: whats more important to you, me or your life? ill say my life and youll go and leave without even knowing that you are my life.
• Common sense is common, but… the use of common sense is uncommon !!!!
• TaLk 2 me wHen i’m boReD, kiSS me wHen i’m saD, hug me wHen I cRy, caRe 4 me wHen I diE, loVe me When i’m sTill Alive…
• Who cares whether this is a poem or rhyme, I will love you until the end of time…
• Ur words r Antibiotics, ur smile is Analgesic, ur touch is Anti-Inflammatory, ur presence is Antiseptic & ur SMS is Anti-Pyretic that’s why I never fall ill
• Flowers need sunshine, violets need dew, all angels in heaven know I need U. Years may fly, tears may dry, but my Love for u’ll never die.
• I’ve seen angels in the sky, I’ve seen snow fall in July, I’ve seen things you could only imagine to see or do, But I still haven’t seen anything sweeter than you!
• I think you are very careless! U come & leave things behind! See now what u have left? U just came in my mind and left a smile on my face.

LOVE

I  have no regrets. I will never regret loving someone because the feeling of love for five minutes is greater than an eternity of hurt. -Kurt Langner

Each moment of a happy lover’s hour is worth an age of dull and common life. -Aphra Behn

We waste time looking for the perfect lover, instead of creating the perfect love. -Tom Robbins

Love is but the discovery of ourselves in others, and the delight in the recognition. -Alexander Smith

Some pray to marry the man they love, my prayer will somewhat vary: I humbly pray to Heaven above that I love the man I marry. -Rose Stokes

You will find as you look back upon your life that the moments when you have truly lived are the moments when you have done things in the spirit of love. -Henry Drummond

Love is the immortal flow of energy that nourishes, extends and preserves. Its eternal goal is life. -Smiley Blanton

Love one another and you will be happy. It’s as simple and as difficult as that. -Michael Leunig

Love is the magician that pulls man out of his own hat. -Ben Hecht

Love is the emblem of eternity; it confounds all notions of time; effaces all memory of beginning, all fear of an end. -Madame de Stael

I have no regrets. I will never regret loving someone because the feeling of love for five minutes is greater than an eternity of hurt. -Kurt Langner

Doubt that the stars are fire, doubt that the sun doth move, doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love. -William Shakespeare

You don’t love a woman because she is beautiful, she is beautiful because you love her.

Immature love says, ‘I love you because I need you.’ Mature love says, ‘I need you because I love you.’ -Erich Fromm

Love is missing someone whenever you’re apart, but somehow feeling warm inside because you’re close in heart. -Kay Knudsen

STRNGTH OF INDIAN MILITARY vs STRENGTH OF PAKISTAN MILITARY

1.The Indian Army is the world’s second largest army in terms of military personnel (after China).

Active Troops                                               1,300,000
Reserve Troops                                           1,200,000
Territorial Army                                        200,000
Main Battle Tanks                                   4500
Artillery                                                          12,800
Ballistic missiles                                      100+
Cruise missiles                                          BrahMos
Aircraft                                                           10 squadrons of helicopters
Surface-to-air missiles                        90000+

The Pakistan Army, combined with the Navy and Air Force, makes Pakistan’s armed forces the seventh largest military in the world.

Army                                                      550,000
Navy                                                       24,000
Air Force                                             45,000
Paramilitary Forces                   302,000
Coast Guard                                     Classified
Total                                                    921,000

2. Nuclear doctrine ( INDIA )

The Indian military possesses nuclear weapons and sufficient means — by means of missiles and aircraft — to deliver anything over long distances. However, India has a nuclear no-first-use and no use against non-nuclear weapons state policy. It also maintains a non-nuclear doctrine based on credible minimum deterrence. India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), arguing that it unfairly favours the established nuclear powers: While the treaty places restrictions on the non-nuclear weapons states, it does little to curb the modernization and expansion of the nuclear arsenals of the nuclear weapons states; it provides no provision for complete nuclear disarmament.

Nuclear Doctrine ( PAKISTAN )

The Pakistan military possesses nuclear weapons and sufficient means, through a range of missiles and aircraft — to deliver these over considerably long distances. However, unlike India, Pakistan does not have no-first-use policy and maintains the use of nuclear weapons as a deterrent to India to offset the large conventional advantage India enjoys over Pakistan.

Pakistan is not a part of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), citing concerns that it unfairly favours the established nuclear powers, and provides no provision for complete nuclear disarmament. The Strategic Nuclear Command forms part of Pakistan’s National Command Authority which is responsible for the management of the country’s tactical and strategic nuclear weapons.

3.EQUIPMENTS OF INDIAN ARMY

Handguns

• FN Browning GP35 9mmx19 mm
• SAF (Small Arms Factory) Pistol 1A 9mmx19 mm, This is more or less a copy of the Canadian Inglis 9 mm
• Glock 17 9mmx19 mm, The Glock 19 along with the 17 is in use with the Special Protection Group (Prime Minister’s Security)

Sub-machine guns and carbines

• Heckler & Koch MP5A3 9mmx19 mm SMG
• Heckler & Koch MP5K 9mmx19 mm SMG
• SAF Carbine 1A 9mmx19 mm, Indian made Sterling L2A1 SMG
• SAF Carbine 2A1 9mmx19 mm, Silenced Carbine
• UZI 9mmx19 mm SMG
• MINSAS carbine of the INSAS family; 5.56mm. Is in user trails.
• Kalantak rifle PDW that is in user trails.

Assault rifles

• RFI (Rifle Factory,Ishapore) SLR1A 7.62mmx51 mm NATO Assault Rifle, A modified FN FAL, This old work horse has now more or less been retired from IA service, most going to the police and paramilitary forces after reconditioning. Some however, remain in use.
• RFI SLR1C 7.62mmx51 mm, full Automatic variant of the SLR for use in APCs
• AK-7, clone of the AK-47
• INSAS 5.56mmx45 mm Assault Rifle
• Kalantak Rifle Under Trials
• Zittara Indian version of the IMI Tavor TAR-21 Israeli Micro-Tavor
• TAVOR TAR-21 5.56mmx45 mm, for special forces currently 3070 have been purchased from Israel ^[1]
• IMI Galil
• AK-101
• AK-103
• KBK AKMS 7.62mmx39 mm, Polish AKS47-3
• AK47M1 7.62mmx39 mm, all black Bulgarian AK. Most of these have been imported for police and paramilitary forces
• Soviet AKM AKMS 7.62mmx39 mm
• East German MPi-KM MPi-KMS72 7.62mmx39 mm (Second hand)

• Czech Vz.58 and Vz.58P 7.62mmx39 mm
• Colt M16A2 rifle for special forces

Anti-Tank Guided Missiles

• Nag- Third Generation fire and forget IIR Guided ATGM developed Indigenously. Its undergoing user trials. 443 missiles ordered.
• Milan 2- License Produced
• 9M113 Konkurs (AT-5 Spandrel)
• 9M111 Fagot (AT-4 Spigot)
• 9M14 Malyutka (AT-3 Sagger)- Being Phased out
• 9M119 Svir (AT-11 Sniper)- for T-90S.
• Lahat- fired from Arjun Tanks 120mm Cannon.

Machine guns

• MG 1B 7.62mmx51 mm, Indian made Bren- This is currently being retired. But may remain a while longer because of teething problems with its successor, the INSAS LMG
• MG 2A1 7.62mmx51 mm, Indian made MAG 58
• MG 5A 7.62mmx51 mm This is the Indian manufactured Co-axial MAG 58
• MG 6A 7.62mmx51 mm Another Indian version of the MAG58 specifically designed as a tank commanders gun.
• INSAS 5.56mmx45 mm LMG
• FN-Browning M1919 .30Cal, in very limited quantities
• Browning M2 machine gun .50cal, heavy machine gun in very limited numbers
• M607.62mm LMG

3.INDIAN AIRCRAFTS

COMBAT AIRCRAFTS

Number

Su-30MKI Flanker-H                           100

Mirage 2000H                                        39

MiG-29SMT                                             56

Jaguar IS                                                  104(IS)

Jaguar IM                                                  6

MiG-27                                                     ML 120

MiG-21 Bison                                         109

MiG-21bis 48

MiG-21M/MF                                        72

PAK AIRCRAFTS

Chengdu JF-17 Thunder 10

General Dynamics F-16A Block-15 Fighting Falcon 28

General Dynamics F-16B Block-15 Fighting Falcon 16

Chengdu F-7PG Skybolt 46

Chengdu F-7MP Skybolt                                                                  90

Chengdu FT-7P Skybolt                                                                  15

Dassault Mirage ROSE-II (Mirage-VDF)                                   6

Dassault Mirage ROSE-II (Mirage-VDF)                                  14

Nanchang Q-5/A-5C Fantan                                                         40

Both India And Pakistan Has many transport vehicles for the movement of man and machines.

Both side has many Light Combat aircrafts but in this Sense India is much powerfull than Pakistan.

The Indian Air Force is the fourth largest air force in the world. In its history, it has generally relied on Soviet, British, Israeli and French technology to support its growth. However, in recent times, India has begun building its own original aircraft, including the HAL Tejas, which is a 4.5th generation fighter. Also, India and Russia are currently building a 5th generation stealth aircraft jointly. India has also developed an UAV called Nishant and an advanced light helicopter called the HAL Dhruv. Recently, it completed a test of a long range BVR air to air missile named Astra and also conducted a successful test of its anti-ballistic missile defense system and hence became the 4th country after the US, Russia, and Israel to do so.

WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION INDIA

Ballistic Missiles

a. Prithvi I – Army Version (150 km range with a payload of 1,000kg)

Prithvi II – Air Force Version (250 km range with a payload of 500kg)

Prithvi III – Naval Version (350 km range with a payload of 500kg)

b. Dhanush is a System consisting of stabilization platform and missiles and can fire either the 250Km or the 350Km range missiles.

Then the following year in December the missile’s 350Km version was tested from the INS Rajput and hit the land based target

c.The Agni Missile system comprises of Agni I, Agni II and the Agni III 1500 Agni I uses the SLV-3 booster (from India’s Space Program) for its first stage and a liquid-fueled Prithvi for its second stage.

d.On the other hand India’s Agni II missiles have a range of the 1500 to 2500 kilometers. Unlike the Agni I, the Agni II has a solid-fueled second stage. India has also tested the Agni III IRBM with a range between 3000 and 5500km kilometres which has two stages. With a normal payload of 1000kg it can travel 5000km

e.The Surya-1 and -2 will be classified as strategic weapons, extending the Indian nuclear deterrent force to targets around the world. India currently is limited by the range of the Agni-3 missile.

The Surya-1 will have an expected range of 6000 – 10,000 km. It reportedly has a length of 40 m and a launch weight of 80,000 kg (some reports indicate as much as 275,000 kg. As the missile has yet to be developed, the payload and warhead are as yet unknown. It is believed to be a three-stage design, with the first two stages using solid propellants and the third-stage using liquid. The first test flight is expected in 2009, but there may be delays. The Surya- is a longer-ranged variant of the Surya-1. It has a reported range of over 20,000 km.

f.The Shaurya missile is a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed by DRDO of India for use by the Indian Army.It has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of one-tonne conventional or nuclear warhead.The Shaurya missile provides India with a significant second strike capability.

g.Sagarika is a nuclear capable submarine-launched ballistic missile with a range of 750 km. This missile has a length of 8.5 meters, weighs seven tonnes and can carry a pay load of up to 500 kg

CRUISE MISSILES INDIA

a.Nirbhay is a long range, subsonic cruise missile being developed in India. The missile will have a range of 1000 km and will arm three services, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force.

b.India has acquired around 200 3M-54 Klub for arming Talwar class frigate, Shivalik class frigate, Kolkata class destroyer and Sindhughosh class submarine The Russian 3M-54 Klub is a multi-role missile system developed by the Novator Design Bureau(OKB-8) with a range of 250Km-300Km and a average speed of .8 Mach with a maximum of 2.9 Mach

c.Popeye II, an air launched cruise missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads with a range of 80 Km can be launched from planes was given to India along with missile defence radars in a deal.

The exact number transferred to India is unknown, but possibly 20 missile to perhaps 50 missiles could have been given with possibly more being built in India.

d.India has Soviet P-70 Ametist submarine-launched cruise missiles.

The missiles can carry nuclear warheads and have a range of 50-65Km.

e.The P-270 Moskit is a Russian supersonic ramjet powered cruise missile capable of being launched from land and ships. India has most probably bought both land and ship variants which have a range of 120km.

f.Akash is India’s medium range surface-to-air missile defense system The missile can target aircraft up to 30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.Akash is said to be capable of both conventional and nuclear warheads, with a reported payload of 60kg. Akash can be fired from both tracked and wheeled platforms.

Nuclear Submarines

According to some accounts India plans to have as many as 20 nuclear submarines capable of carrying missiles with nuclear warheads.

The Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) is a Nuclear Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine being constructed for the Indian Navy at Visakhapatnam, India The ATV is an SSBN and will be armed with the ballistic missiles. Once it is completed, it can be equipped with 6-8 nuclear capable Dhanush,Sagarika or Agni SLBM ballistic missiles and upto 12 BrahMos cruise missiles. It is also to be fitted with an advanced sonar system. The second and third submarines of the class may incorporate the Nirbhay as well. As of July 2007, the Sagarika missile as well as Dhanush had undergone three successful tests each. The ATV is to be unveiled on January 26, 2009 but trials will start later that year while induction is planned for 2010.

The INS Sindhuraj, INS Sindhuvir, INS Sindhuratna, INS Sindhushastra, INS Sindhukesari and INS Sindhuvijay are capable of launching 3M-54 Klub and BrahMos nuclear-capable cruise missiles. India bought 10 Kilo class (in India known as Sindhughosh Class) submarine of which 6 have been refitted by the Russian Navy so that the they can launch cruise missiles such as nuclear capable BrahMos and 3M-54 Klub’s 3M-14E variant. The Submarine version of the BrahMos has been tested from static, underwater test stands in Russia and from the INS Sindhuvijay. As the Sinduvijay is similar to the other refitted submarines the test is considered a success.

PAKISTAN WEAPONS

• Hatf-I/IA/IB BRBM
• Abdali-I SRBM
• Ghaznavi-I SRBM
• Shaheen-I MRBM
• Ghauri-I MRBM
• Ghauri-II IRBM
• Shaheen-II IRBM
• Babur Cruise Missile
• Ra’ad Cruise Missile
• Ghauri-III IRBM
• Shaheen-III IRBM
• Tippu missile ICBM

AIRCRAFTS

• K-8 Karakorum
• JF-17 Thunder
• Shahbaz
• MFI-395 Super Mushaq
• MFI-17 Mushaq

SUBMARINES

• Agosta 90B class submarine
• Cosmos class MG110 Mini-Sub

STATISTICS
INDIAN ARMY
* 4 RAPID (Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions)
* 18 Infantry Divisions
* 10 Mountain Divisions
* 3 Armoured Divisions
* 2 Artillery Divisions
* 6 Air Defence Brigades + 2 Surface-to-Air Missile Groups
* 5 Independent Armoured Brigades
* 15 Independent Artillery Brigades
* 7 Independent Infantry Brigades
* 1 Parachute Brigade
* 4 Engineer Brigades
* 14 Army Aviation Helicopter Units

Sub-Units

* 63 Tank Regiments
* 7 Airborne Battalions
* 200 Artillery Regiments
* 360 Infantry Battalions + 5 Para (SF) Battalions
* 40 Mechanised Infantry Battalions
* 20 Combat Helicopter Units
* 35+ Air Defence Regiments

Till now india and pakistan have fought four main wars and India Has defeated pakistan EveryTime.

NUCLEAR WAR BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN

BOTH INDIA and PAKISTAN own nuclear weapons, But in case there is a war between india pakistan who will be the first to use its nuclear bombs.
Or the Millitants of pakistan will initiate the nuclear war.
Both countries have missiles capable of targetting major cities of both the countries.

INDO PAK WAR ; WHO WILL USE NUCLEAR BOMB FIRST ?

INDO – PAK WAR ; WHO WILL USE NUCLEAR BOMB FIRST ?
(polls)

INDIA – PAKISTAN WARS And lessons Learned By PAKISTAN

Since their sepration in 1947 India and Pakistan have fought many wars ; sometime bigger and many time smaller.

All these wars have created a bitterness in their relations and a situation of Cold war is prevailing.

Lets have an idea of the wars fought between them and what both the nations have learned.

THE KASHMIR WAR (  October 21, 1947 – December 31, 1948 )

1. The Kashmir conflict refers to the territorial dispute between India and Pakistan (and between India and the People’s Republic of China) over Kashmir, the northwesternmost region of the Indian subcontinent.

2.The main issue between india and pakistan was the entire erstwhile Dogra princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.Offically India says Kashmir is an “integral part” of India,while the official stated stance of Pakistan is that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status can only be determined by the Kashmiri people.

3. REASON -

In 1947, the British dominion of India came to an end with the creation of two new nations, India and Pakistan. Each of the 562 Indian princely statesIndia or the Dominion of Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir had a predominantly Muslim population but a Hindu ruler, and was the largest of these autonomous states and bordered both modern countries. Its ruler was the Dogra King (or Maharaja) Hari Singh. Hari Singh preferred to remain independent and sought to avoid the stress placed on him by either India and Pakistan by playing each against the other. joined one of the two new nations: the Union of

In October 1947, Pakistani tribalsentered Kashmir with the hope to liberate it from Dogra rule. The state forces were not able to withstand the invasion and the Maharaja signed The Instrument of Accession that was accepted by the Government of India on October 27, 1947.

4.This war has been split into ten stages by time. The individual stages are detailed below.

a. Initial invasion (Operation Gulmarg) :

The objective of the initial invasion was to capture control of the Kashmir valley including its principal city, Srinagar, the summer capital of the state (Jammu being the winter capital). The state forces stationed in the border regions around Muzzafrabad and Domel were quickly defeated by AZK forces (some state forces mutinied and joined the AZK) and the way to the capital was open. Rather than advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants.The conflict was mired by acts of sabotage, arsonrape and other crimes committed against the native Kashmiris by Pakistani-backed tribals.In the Punch valley, the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged. and

b. Indian defence of the Kashmir Valley:

After the accession, India airlifted troops and equipment to Srinagar, where they reinforced the princely state forces, established a defense perimeter and defeated the AZK forces on the outskirts of the city. The successful defence included an outflanking manoeuvre by Indian armoured cars. The defeated AZK forces were pursued as far as Baramula and Uri and these towns were recaptured.

In the Punch valley, AZK forces continued to besiege state forces.

In Gilgit, the state paramilitary forces (the Gilgit Scouts) joined the invading AZK forces, who thereby obtained control of this northern region of the state. The AZK forces were also joined by troops from Chitral, whose ruler, the Mehtar of Chitral, had acceded to Pakistan.

c. Attempted link-up at Punch Indian forces ceased pursuit of AZK forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a relief column southwards, in an attempt to relieve Punch. Although the relief column eventually reached Punch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached Kotli, but was forced to evacuate its garrison. Meanwhile, Mirpur was captured by AZK forces and many of its inhabitants, particularly the Hindus, were killed.

d. Fall of Jhanger and attacks on Naoshera and Uri : The Pakistani/AZK forces attacked and captured Jhanger. They then attacked Naoshera unsuccessfully. Other Pakistani/AZK forces made a series of unsuccessful attacks on Uri. In the south a minor Indian attack secured Chamb. By this stage of the war the front line began to stabilise as more Indian troops became available

e. Operation Vijay: counterattack to Jhanger : The Indian forces launched a counterattack in the south recapturing Jhanger and Rajauri. In the Kashmir Valley the Pakistani/AZK forces continued attacking the Uri garrison. In the north Skardu was brought under siege by Pakistani/AZK forces

f. Indian Spring Offensive : The Indians held onto Jhanger against numerous counterattacks from the AZK, who were increasingly supported by regular Pakistani Forces. In the Kashmir Valley the Indians attacked, recapturing Tithwail. The AZK made good progress in the High Himalayas sector, infiltrating troops to bring Leh under siege, capturing Kargil and defeating a relief column heading for Skardu.
g. Operations Gulab and Erase : The Indians continued to attack in the Kashmir Valley sector driving north to capture Keran and Gurais. They also repelled a counterattack aimed at Tithwail. In the Punch Valley the forces besieged in Punch broke out and temporarily linked up with the outside world again. The Kashmir State army was able to defend Skardu from the Gilgit Scouts and thus they were not able to proceed down the Indus valley towards Leh. In August the Chitral Forces under Mata-ul-Mulk besieged Skardu and with the help of artillery were able to take Skardu. This freed the Gilgit Scouts to push further into Ladakh.
h. Operation Duck : During this time the front began to settle down with less activity by either side, the only major event was an unsuccessful attack by the Indians towards Dras (Operation Duck). The siege of Punch continued.

i. Operation Easy ; Punch link-up : The Indians now started to get the upper hand in all sectors. Punch was finally relieved after a siege of over a year. The Gilgit forces in the High Himalayas, who had previously made good progress, were finally defeated. The Indians pursued as far as Kargil before being forced to halt due to supply problems. The Zoji-La pass was forced by using tanks (which had not been thought possible at that altitude) and Dras was recaptured. The use of tanks was based on experience gained in Burma in 1945.

j. Moves up to cease-fire : At this stage Indian Prime Minister Mr. Jawahar Lal Nehru decided to ask UN to intervene. A UN cease-fire was arranged for the 31 December 1948. A few days before the cease-fire the Pakistanis launched a counter attack, which cut the road between Uri and Punch. After protracted negotiations a cease-fire was agreed to by both countries, which came into effect. The terms of the cease-fire as laid out in the UNCIP^[12] of August 13, 1948 were adopted by the UN on January 5, 1949. This required Pakistan to withdraw its forces, both regular and irregular, while allowing India to maintain minimum strength of its forces in the state to preserve law and order. On compliance of these conditions a plebiscite was to be held to determine the future of the territory. In all, 1,500 soldiers died on each side during the war^[13] and Pakistan was able to acquire roughly two-fifths of Kashmir while India maintained the remaining three fifths of Kashmir, including the most populous and fertile regions.

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Why Only MUSLIM TERRORISM ?

why Muslims are spreading terrorism in the world ?

Some of the reasons that i see are :
1.Feeling of insecurity among some muslims that there religion is under threat by the people of other religions.
(actually this is not the case ,there are other religions which are less spread than other religions)

2.Use of religion (Islam) by some of the influential peoples who know kuran and mislesd other innocent people.
(Leaders like Bin Laden,saddam hussain etc with their wealth they force people to do these acts)

3.Muslim nations like pakistan have stong feelings against India as they think that People of India of Muslim religion have very good living standard in comparison to the people of same religion in Pakistan which creat hatered in their heart againt india.
(People in india have better security and fundamental rights nd their per caita income is far better than muslims in pakistan)

4.In Afganistan Bin Laden used his wealth and power to raise a notion against America as he thinks America is the biggest obstacle in his path of making the whole world a muslim world

5.The countries like pakistan,Iraq,afganistan etc. are working togather in making the world a Muslim world.The governence in these countries is either dominated by the military or the other powerfull groups.

6.The Kashmir(as a reason) then why the terrorists killing innocent Indians all across the world.
(Terrorists are just using the name of kashmir ,but the actuall reason might be one of the above points)

Why Only MUSLIM TERRORISM ?

why Muslims are spreading terrorism in the world ?

Some of the reasons that i see are :
1.Feeling of insecurity among some muslims that there religion is under threat by the people of other religions.
(actually this is not the case ,there are other religions which are less spread than other religions)

2.Use of religion (Islam) by some of the influential peoples who know kuran and mislesd other innocent people.
(Leaders like Bin Laden,saddam hussain etc with their wealth they force people to do these acts)

3.Muslim nations like pakistan have stong feelings against India as they think that People of India of Muslim religion have very good living standard in comparison to the people of same religion in Pakistan which creat hatered in their heart againt india.
(People in india have better security and fundamental rights nd their per caita income is far better than muslims in pakistan)

4.In Afganistan Bin Laden used his wealth and power to raise a notion against America as he thinks America is the biggest obstacle in his path of making the whole world a muslim world

5.The countries like pakistan,Iraq,afganistan etc. are working togather in making the world a Muslim world.The governence in these countries is either dominated by the military or the other powerfull groups.

6.The Kashmir(as a reason) then why the terrorists killing innocent Indians all across the world.
(Terrorists are just using the name of kashmir ,but the actuall reason might be one of the above points)

AT LAST THE FATHER BROKE

Amir Kasav, a father of three sons and two daughters, said the lone terrorist of mumbai attack is his son Ajmal Amir Iman alias Ajmal Kasab.In an interview he made the admission to the influential Dawn newspaper in the courtyard of his house in Faridkot(PAKISTAN).
Reports had said that Iman left home as a frustrated teenager about four years ago and went to Lahore in search of a job. After a brush with crime in that city, he reportedly joined the LeT.
Though LeT and JuD may disown him, the father of the lone Pakistani gunman arrested for the Mumbai terror attacks has admitted that the young man whose picture was beamed by media across the world, is his son.
Now indias stand as the attack was fully supported by Pakistan has got strengths and proofs and Pakistan is on his knees.
AJMAL’S father a brave pakistani father also told the media that
“I was in denial for the first couple of days, saying to myself it could not have been my son… Now I have accepted it. This is the truth. I have seen the picture in the newspaper. This is my son Ajmal,”

Now,its obvious that this statement must have made pakistan’s difficulties even more worst.
Hope Pakistani PM and President would be also courageous to claim the bodies of 9 other terrorists.

At LAST 3G In INDIA

3G IN INDIA

People in India are looking forward to more information, faster data access and multimedia services through their mobile phones. 3G technology is here to turn this dream into reality. It’s a technology anxiously awaited by telecom operations and subscribers in India.

How long do we have to wait?

Not very long! India is all set to launch 3G mobile telephone services by october 2008 first in four indian metros.

According to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India chairman Nripendra Misra, a total of 32.5 MHz is available for allocation within the next 6-9 months.

Trai has also recommended auctioning 200 MHz for broadband wireless access services like Wimax (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) and has proposed a national frequency management board to oversee spectrum availability and its efficient use.

He hopes that the allocated spectrum would be enough for the next two years and said Trai would recommend freeing up more spectrum for those who lose out in this auction.

So what is 3G spectrum all about?

What is spectrum?

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.

How is 3G different from 2G and 4G?

While 2G stands for second-generation wireless telephone technology, 1G networks used are analog, 2G networks are digital and 3G (third-generation) technology is used to enhance mobile phone standards.

3G helps to simultaneously transfer both voice data (a telephone call) and non-voice data (such as downloading information, exchanging e-mail, and instant messaging. The highlight of 3G is video telephony. 4G technology stands to be the future standard of wireless devices.

Currently, Japanese company NTT DoCoMo and Samsung are testing 4G communication.

How will 3G services help you?

3G services will enable video broadcast and data-intensive services such as stock transactions, e-learning and telemedicine through wireless communications

All telecom operators are waiting to launch 3G in India to cash in on revenues by providing high-end services to customers, which are voice data and video enabled. India lags behind many Asian countries in introducing 3G services.

What is Trai’s recommendation on 3G pricing?

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India has recommended auctioning radio frequencies for 3G telecom services at a reserve price of Rs 1,050 crore (Rs 10.50 billion) to companies seeking to offer nationwide high-speed Internet and streaming video.

The base price for spectrum in cities like Mumbai and Delhi and Category A telecom circles is Rs 120 crore (Rs 1200 million); in cities like Chennai and Kolkata and Category B circles Rs 80 crore (Rs 800 million); and in all other cities Rs 15 crore (Rs 150 million).

What are the frequency bands and quota for CDMA?

Trai has recommended three sets of frequency bands – 450 mhz, 800 mhz and 2.1 ghz. For CDMA players like Reliance [Get Quote] and Tata Teleservices 1.25 MHz each is offered. CDMA operators are free to bid both in the 2.1 GHz and the 450 MHz bands, but they will be allocated spectrum only in one. The pricing of these two bands is linked to the auction in the 2.1 GHz band.

CDMA operators will pay the same as the second-highest GSM bidder. And if there is more than one claimant in the 450 MHz band, the reserve price will be half of that arrived at in the 2.1 GHz band. Another rider is that if the highest bid is a quarter more than the lowest, the lowest bidder has to raise its bid to 75 per cent of the winning bid.

But CDMA operators are likely to face problems. Operating 3G services on 450 MHz is a problem because we they do not have dual-band phones that work both in 450 MHz and in 800 MHz (the band in which CDMA operates in India).

What are the issues regarding 3G for providers and users?

3G has successfully been introduced in Europe. But several issues continue to hamper its growth.

High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services

Huge capital required to build infrastructure for 3G services.

Health impact of electromagnetic waves.

Prices are very high for 3G mobile services.

Will 2G users switch to 3G services.

Takes time to catch up as the service is new.

What are the issues regarding 3G pricing?

Pricing has been a cause of concern. Spectrum auctions ran into billions of euros in Europe. In Europe, spectrum licensing fees were collected years before the 3G service was developed and it required huge investments to build 3G networks, hitting mobile operators’ margins.

However, in Japan and South Korea, spectrum licensing fees were not applicable as the focus of these countries were national IT infrastructure development.

Which companies have applied for 3G license?

3G spectrum has been provided to GSM players like BSNL, MTNL, Bharti, and Vodafone and some international companies have also shown intrest to carry out an interface check on a non-commercial basis ahead of the start of 3G mobile services.

Trial spectrum has been given for a period of one month. This will be only 1/1000th of the actual 3G spectrum capability. Apart frm PSU majors, spectrum for carrying out 3G trials has been given to all those who have applied under the National Frequency Allocation Plan on the 2.1 GHz band. GSM players operate on 900 MHz and 1,800 MHz, while CDMA players operate on 800 MHz.

What is the pricing issue in India?

While Tatas have welcomed Trai’s Rs 1,400-crore (Rs 14 billion) base price for a nationwide rollout of 3G services, the rest of the players find the price too exorbitant.

Bharti-Airtel is disappointed with the pricing as they were expecting it to be Rs 300-400 crore (Rs 3-4 billion). The reserve price is a disincentive for telecom companies in India. Bharti has appealed to lower the prices specially for rural penetration.

The Cellular Operators Association of India and the Association of Unified Service Providers of India are studying TRAI’s recommendations and have not given their comments.

However, Trai chairman Nripendra Misra has said that there is no reason to worry as players will not bid exorbitantly and derail the auction. Misra said telecom operators had matured from their experiences and global developments, and would bid sincerely.

What about the security in a 3G network?

3G networks offer a greater degree of security than 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.

In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end to end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Where was 3G spectrum first introduced?

Japan was the first country to introduce 3G on a large commercial scale. In 2005, about 40 per cent of subscribers used only 3G networks. It is expected that during 2006 the subscribers would move from 2G to 3G and upgrade to the next 3.5 G level.

The success of 3G in Japan also shows that video telephony was the killer application for 3G networks. Downloading music was the biggest draw in 3G services.

In how many countries does 3G exist?

There are about 60 3G networks across 25 countries . In Asia, Europe and the USA, telecom firms use WCDMA technology. The WCDMA standard provides seamless global evolution from today’s GSM with support of the worlds’ largest mobile operators.

WCDMA technology is built on open standards, wide ranging mobile multimedia possibility, and vast potential economies of scale with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.

3G services were introduced in Europe in 2003.
What speed we can expect?

It is often suggested by industry sources that 3G can be expected to provide 384 kbit/s at or below pedestrian speeds, but only 128 kbit/s in a moving car.